A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS CLASS & RESOLVED QUERIES: (01:00:00 PM)

• Tashkent Agreement.

CONTINUATION OF TASHKENT AGREEMENT: (01:05:00 PM)

• 1. However, LB Shastri consulted the army chief if there was a chance of an all-out victory. But in response got the feedback we were running short in arms and ammunition.
• (This was an assessment/intelligence failure. Hence India accepted the ceasefire.)
• 2. Taskent Agreement restored status-quo ante- both sides returned to each other's occupied territory.
• Unfortunately, therefore India had to give back Hajibi.
• 3. India agreed due to USSR's pressure and did not want to lose the support of the USSR on Kashmir Issues.
• Also, fear of the entry of the US that could lead to a long-drawn war is Not good for the Indian economy.
• India was allegedly short of arms and ammunition.
• 4. During the war stature of LB Shastri (LBS) improved manyfold.
• LBS raised morale and led from the front for example, in Allahabad Speeshc he stated that:
• a. Ayub Khan said that he will meet us in Delhi to which I responded that you are a man of high status therefore we would come to Lahore to pay respects.
• b. Also gave the slogan of Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan.
• 5. Agrarian Crisis and LBS:
• It was inherited by LBS and now again war expenditure led to the diversion of resources, and to punish India for not declaring a ceasefire in the Initial phase, the USA stopped exporting PL-480 food grins to India.
• (PL-480- Food grains of Low quality, exported to poor countries by Public Law 480).
• Therefore, now LBS highlighted the importance of self-sufficiency and food security, and the crucial role of peasants in the Indian economy and gave the slogan of Jai jawan, Jai Kisan.
• LBS gave ideas of fasting once a week and kitchen gardens- Every family growing basic vegetables near their home, and his own family was the first to practice these ideas.
• Therefore, LBS set the public and political narrative for the future green revolution. (Even if for the vote bank politics, food security can't be ignored anymore by political leaders.)

INDIRA GANDHI ERA: (02:04:00 PM)

• After the death of LBS in February 1966 in Tashkent, a new PM had to be appointed.
• Gulzari Lal Nanda(GLN) and Morarji Desai wanted to be the PM but were viewed by the syndicate as over-ambitious candidates who may not follow party directions.
• Kamaraj was a strong leader but did not know Hindi and English, therefore realized that he may not be accepted as the PM.
• IG projected herself as not interested and the syndicate thought she would be a weak PM being inexperienced and being a woman.
• The syndicate thought that IG would also have sympathy from the public being Nehru's daughter, therefore chose her and India got its first woman PM.

CONGRESS SPLIT, 1966: (02:14:00 PM)

• 1966-67:
• IG took decisions independently of the syndicate.
• For example, devalued Rupee due to pressure from IMF and the World Bank as India faced a BOP crisis and devaluations may increase export earnings, ie forex.
• This decision backfired as India was a net importer and was not industrialized and imported raw materials, especially fuel.
• Therefore the cost of imports increased.
• The real issue was that IG acted independently.
• (Profits of exporters= Revenues(sales in the international markets) - Cost of raw materials.
• More Profits -> More factories -> More exports -> More profits ->More forex.)

IDEOLOGICAL CONFLICTS BETWEEN IG AND SYNDICATE: (03:00:00 PM) 

• Indira Gandhi	Syndicate
  Pro-poor socialist ideology.	More pro-capitalists.
  Strong welfare state. Therefore favored the nationalization of industries and banks.	Wanted a strong private sector and opposed nationalization.
  Wanted a welfare state and planned economy.	Wanted a weak state in the economy and decision-making powers with the private sector, therefore wanted to abolish five-year plans.
  Favored land redistribution in favor of the poor via the land ceiling.	Not in favor. They were pro-landed class.
  Favored better relations with USSR.	Favored better relations with the US.

• 1967 Elections at Centre & States: 
• To control IG who was the PM face of Congress, the syndicate decided to distribute tickets to their allies.
• However, there was an anti-congress wave due to food shortages, inflation, poverty, and corruption.
• Therefore, for the first time, Congress lost elections in 8 states and the era of regional parties began.
• But at the center there was no alternative, therefore IG was able to get a thin majority.
• Therefore syndicates were weakened.
• Death of President Zakir Hussain:
• It was the trigger for the split.
• Syndicates wanted Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy to be the President to control IG.
• The conflict led to Congress not declaring an official candidate as IG and started propaganda that the syndicate wanted to remove her as the PM.
• IG declared that she will vote for VV Giri.
• Finally, VV Giri emerged victorious. (Fewer MLAs of syndicates due to poor 1967 elections)
• Humiliated syndicate expelled IG and now Congress- O of Syndicat and Congress- R of IG.
• However, IG continued to be the PM as had the support of more MPs.

ELECTIONS, 1971: (03:26:00 PM)

• These elections were declared prematurely by IG as she wanted:
• The strong majority implemented her reforms. 
• For example, IG wanted to abolish the Privy purses but did not have the majority in Rajya Sabha and therefore brought Ordinance.
• It was overturned by the SC.
• Nationalization of banks, but overturned by the SC in RC Cooper Case.
• (Link 24th to 42nd CAA).
• Syndicate, Jan Sangh, and all other parties set up a grand alliance and gave the slogan "Indira Hatao" while IG gave the slogan "Garibi Hatao".
• RM Lohiya said, "IG is a Gungi Gudiya, how will she rule"?
• March 1971- IG came to power with an absolute majority.

BANGLADESH LIBERATION WAR, 1971: (03:35:00 PM)

• Reasons:
• 1. East Pakistan(EP) and West Pakistan(WP) had cultural differences.
• For example, EP felt closer to West Bengal culturally than WP due to the common Bengali language.
• 2. EP wanted official language status for Bengali which was resisted by WP.
• (Jinnah imposed Urdu on Pakistan because he wanted an Islamic image).
• 3. Pakistan's State and Military were dominated by WP.
• 4. EP was poor while WP was relatively rich.
• Even during the British Era, irrigation infra was not developed in the Permanent Settlement areas of Bengal, Orissa, and Bihar as Land revenue could not be increased.
• Therefore, more canals were built in the undivided Punjab.
• 5. EP felt that revenue from the Jute export was used for the industrialization of WP instead of the development of EP.
• 6. Poor Administration in EP.
• 7. Trigger was Bhola cyclone in EP after which poor relief work led to anger.

SHEIKH MUJIBUR REHMAN: (03:56:00 PM)

• He was a highly popular leader of the Awami League(AL) in EP.
• He raised the political, economic, and socio-cultural demands of EP.
• There was an agreement with WP on elections and consequent amendments to the constitution to bring real federalism.
• WP leaders were confident of victory.
• Yahya Khan was a military leader who supported Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a very popular leader of WP.
• Election results were a big surprise for WP as Awami League won nearly all seats in EP and therefore got the majority in the parliament.
• WP refused to convene Parliament and Bhutto was declared the PM.
• Now, a peaceful CDM was started by AL with demands for the right to form the government and federalism.
• 25th March 1971, Pakistani Army launched "Operation Searchlight" where lakhs were executed and Hindus were selectively targeted.
• Therefore, Hindu and Muslim Bengalis suffered brutal repression.
• 10 lakh refugees entered India overall, threatening internal stability as India already faced challenges in food security, poverty, and unemployment.
• Also, cultural conflicts between the Non-Bengalis of NE and Bengali Immigrants.
• IG and Sam Manekshaw discussed the possibilities of war.

TOPICS FOR THE NEXT CLASS: Continuation of Bangladesh War.